Features "Microsoft Windows"

Features "Microsoft Windows"

The Windows server platform is the first choice of developers because of the similarity in programming for all Windows platforms. Additionally, the installation CD includes a complete Internet server suite (including WWW, FTP, and DNS [Domain Name Service] server programs). Finally, because the look and feel of all Windows platforms is almost identical to that of Microsoft’s desktop operating systems, training administrators requires much less time. These features along with many others have skyrocketed Windows Server use in the corporate network infrastructure. Let’s take a look at a couple of the more popular features of Windows 2003 Server: the user interface and third party support.


The Windows User Interface

The Windows Server interface is basically the same as the Windows interface we’ve come to love
(or hate, depending on your view). Windows NT 3.1 and 3.5 x
use the same basic look and feel as the Windows 3.1 desktop operating system. Windows NT 4 and Windows 2000 use the
interface from Windows 95 and Windows 98.
Although there might be subtle differences between the desktop operating systems and their Server counterparts, the basic look and feel is the same. Because of this, a novice administrator can easily learn to use Windows Server. Analysts refer to this as a shallow learning curve.


Third-Party Support
Because of its ease of use and relatively inexpensive cost, Windows Server sells well. Third-party vendors write thousands of software titles for Windows. Currently the number of third-party
network programs for Windows far surpasses the number for NetWare. 
      One reason for the range of software available for Windows Server is that developers can create these programs using many of the development tools they use to write Windows programs.
Additionally, Microsoft makes much of the code available to developers for little or no charge.Other vendors often charge to download their development tools, although that trend is rapidly
changing. Finally, a program that is certified as Windows Compatible must work on all Windows platforms, both Server and desktop, including Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/2003
Server. Because it’s so easy to develop programs for all versions and because Microsoft requires it for Windows certification, the number of programs available for Windows Server is constantly
growing. That isn’t to say that all programs are network enabled, but when given the choice, developers usually choose to create programs for Windows rather than for other network operating system platforms.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows
With the same graphical interface as other versions of Windows and simple administration possible from the server console, Windows 2003 Server is possibly the most popular NOS in use
today. Microsoft introduced Windows NT in 1993 with version 3.1 (about the same time Windows 3.1 was taking off as a desktop graphical interface for DOS). This NOS went pretty much
unnoticed until version 3.51 was introduced about a year later. Windows NT 3.51 was quite stable, and by this time, hardware vendors had met the challenge with the 486 and Pentium processors. Because of its similarity to Windows 3.1 and its powerful networking features, Windows NT gained popularity. Microsoft began to put its significant marketing muscle behind it,
and Windows NT started to become a viable alternative in the network operating system market previously dominated by Novell NetWare and the various flavors of UNIX. Windows NT was followed closely by Windows 2000, then 2003 Server, and the Windows platform has become a dominant force in the NOS market.

NOTE:

For more information on Windows server OSes, check out Microsoft’s website at www.microsoft.com .

In the following sections, you will learn about the features, inner workings, administration, application support, and security of Windows Server.

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Network Operating Systems ( Network + Chapter 5 )

"Quoting one of e-books"

Network Operating Systems ( Network + Chapter 5 )

Microsoft Windows 
         Features 
         Client Support 
         Interoperability 
         Authentication 
         File and Print Services 
         Application Support 
         Security 
Novell NetWare 
         Features 
         Client Support 
         Interoperability 
         Authentication
         Directory Structure 
         File and Print Services 
         Application Support 
         Security 
UNIX/Linux 
         Features 
         Client Support and Interoperability 
         Authentication 
         File and Print Services 
         Application Support 
         Security 
Macintosh 
         Features 
         Client Support 
         Interoperability 
         Authentication 
         File and Print Services 
         Application Support 
         Security 
Summary 
Exam Essentials 
Review Questions 
Answers to Review Questions

"Quoting one of e-books"

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Answers to Review Questions - Network + Chapter 4

Answers to Review Questions

1. C. Although all utilities can be used to test the functionality of an IP host in one way or another, the ping utility is used specifically to test whether an IP host is up and responding.

2. A. The ARP utility is used to display the contents of the ARP cache, which tracks the resolution of IP addresses to physical (MAC) addresses and will produce the displayed output.

3. A. The nbt in nbtstat stands for “NetBIOS over TCP/IP.” The purpose of nbtstat is to display
the NetBIOS over TCP/IP statistics for a computer running both protocols.

4. B. The purpose of the ping utility is to test the communications channel between two IP hosts
as well as how long it takes the packets to get from one host to another.

5. B. The winipcfg utility is for Windows 95/98. It displays information like the MAC and TCP/
IP address of your workstation as well as other TCP/IP configuration information for your
workstation.

6. B, D. The address 127.0.0.1 is the special IP address designated for the local TCP/IP interface.
The host name localhost is the host name given to the local interface. Therefore, pinging either
the IP address or the host name for the local interface will tell you whether or not the local interface
is working.

7. A. The command nbtstat –r displays all the name resolutions performed by the local client as
well as their associated IP addresses. The –R switch will reload the cache.

8. D. The only utility listed that can be used to download files from a UNIX server is the ftp utility.

9. B. To purge and reload the remote NetBIOS name cache, you must use nbtstat –R. Remember that the R must be uppercase and it will not work correctly without the hyphen before it.

10. B. The ipconfig utility is similar to the Windows 95/98 utility winipcfg in that it displays the current TCP/IP configuration of a station. However, ipconfig is a Windows NT based–only
utility, with a limited version available for 98.

11. B. The tracert utility traces the route from the source IP host to the destination host.

12. C. The tracert utility will tell you which router is having the performance problem and how long it takes to move between each host. Tracert can be used to locate problem areas in a network.

13. A. The ipconfig /all switch will display the most complete listing of TCP/IP configuration information for a Windows NT computer.

14. C. The tracert utility returns all router names and addresses through which a packet passes on its way to a destination host.

15. E. The Telnet utility can be used to test if a particular IP host is responding on a particular TCP port.

16. C. The arp –a command will display the current contents of the ARP cache on the local workstation. 202 Chapter 4 TCP/IP Utilities

17. B. The get command, followed by the name of the file you want to download, will initiate the download of that particular file.

18. A, D. The arp utility’s –a and –g switches perform the same function. They both show the current ARP cache.

19. C. The –s switch will enable you to view the statistics about how many of a particular TCP/IP protocol’s packets have been sent and received.


20. C. nbtstat –s will list all NetBIOS sessions, incoming and outgoing, from that PC.

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Review Questions - Network + Chapter 4

Review Questions

1. Which TCP/IP utility is most often used to test whether an IP host is up and functional?

A. ftpB. TelnetC. pingD. netstat

2. Which TCP/IP utility will produce the following result?
Interface: 199.102.30.152 Internet Address Physical Address Type
199.102.30.152 A0–ee–00–5b–0e–ac dynamic

A. arpB. netstatC. tracertD. nbtstat

3. Which Windows utility can you use to display NetBIOS over TCP/IP statistics?

A. nbtstatB. netstatC. arpD. ipconfig

4. Which TCP/IP utility might produce the following output?
Pinging 204.153.163.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128

of your Windows 95/98 workstation?

A. tracertB. pingC. WINSD. winipcfg

5. Which utility can you use to find the MAC and TCP/IP address of your Windows 95/98 workstation?

A. pingB. winipcfgC. ipconfigD. tracertE. Telnet

6. Which ping commands will verify that your local TCP/IP interface is working? (Choose all that apply.)

A. ping 204.153.163.2B. ping 127.0.0.1C. ping localifD. ping localhostE. ping iphost

7. Which switch for the Windows nbtstat utility will display all NetBIOS name resolution statistics?

A. –rB. /rC. –RD. /R

8. Which program can you use to download files from a UNIX server?

A. nbtstatB. netstatC. arpD. ftp

9. Which nbtstat utility switch will purge and reload the remote NetBIOS name table cache?

A. –rB. –RC. /rD. /R

10. Which Windows 2000 utility will display the current TCP/IP configuration of the host it is executed on?

A. arpB. ipconfigC. winipcfgD. winipconfig

11. Which utility produces an output similar to the following?
1 110 ms 96 ms 107 ms fgo1.corpcomm.net [209.74.93.10]
2 96 ms 126 ms 95 ms someone.corpcomm.net [209.74.93.1]
3 113 ms 119 ms 112 ms Serial5–1–1.GW2.MSP1.alter.net [157.130.100.185]
4 133 ms 123 ms 126 ms 152.ATM3–0.XR2.CHI6.ALTER.NET [146.188.209.126]
5 176 ms 133 ms 129 ms 290.ATM2–0.TR2.CHI4.ALTER.NET [146.188.209.10]
6 196 ms 184 ms 218 ms 106.ATM7–0.TR2.SCL1.ALTER.NET [146.188.136.162]
7 182 ms 187 ms 187 ms 298.ATM7–0.XR2.SJC1.ALTER.NET [146.188.146.61]
204 ms 176 ms 186 ms 192.ATM3–0–0.SAN–JOSE9– GW.ALTER.NET
[146.188.144.133]
9 202 ms 198 ms 212 ms atm3–0–622M.cr1.sjc.globalcenter.net [206.57.16.17]
10 209 ms 202 ms 195 ms pos3–1–155M.br4.SJC.globalcenter.net
[206.132.150.98]
11 190 ms * 191 ms pos0–0–0–155M.hr3.SNV.globalcenter.net [206.251.5.93]
12 195 ms 188 ms 188 ms pos4–1–0– 155M.hr2.SNV.globalcenter.net
[206.132.150.206]
13 198 ms 202 ms 197 ms www10.yahoo.com [204.71.200.75]

A. arpB. tracertC. nbtstatD. netstat

12. You are the network administrator. A user calls you complaining that the performance of the intranet web server is sluggish. When you try to ping the server, it takes several seconds for the server to respond. You suspect that the problem is related to a router that is seriously overloaded. Which workstation utility could you use to find out which router is causing this problem?

A. netstatB. nbtstatC. tracertD. pingE. arp

13. Which ipconfig switch will display the most complete listing of IP configuration information for a station?

A. /allB. /renewC. /releaseD. /?

14. Which utility will display a list of all the routers that a packet passes through on the way to an IP destination?

A. netstatB. nbtstatC. tracertD. pingE. arp

 15. Which Windows TCP/IP utility could you use to find out if a server is responding on TCP port 21?

A. tcpB. portC. pingD. netstatE. Telnet

16. Which arp command can you use to display the currently cached ARP entries?

A. arpB. arp –AC. arp –aD. arp /AE. arp /a

17. Which ftp command-line command will initiate the download of a file?

A. arpB. getC. putD. lcd

18. Which two arp utility switches perform the same function? (Choose all that apply.)

A. –gB. –AC. –dD. –a

19. Which netstat switch will enable you to view the number of ICMP packets your workstation has sent and received?

A. –aB. –rC. –sD. –I

20. Which nbtstat switch displays a list of all the NetBIOS sessions currently active on the local workstation?

A. –aB. –rC. –sD. –I

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Exam Essentials - Network + Chapter 4

Exam Essentials
Know how to describe and use the troubleshooting information and statistics that arp, nbtstat, and netstat provide for you. The arp utility shows whether an IP address is being resolved to your MAC address (or someone else’s in case of conflicts). The netstat utility produces TCP/IP statistics, and nbtstat produces NetBIOS over TCP/IP statistics.

Know how to diagnose a network by using TCP/IP’s troubleshooting commands.
 Ping echoes back if a machine is alive and active on a network. Tracert shows the path that the ping packets take from source to target. And Telnet enables a user to participate in a remote textbased session.
Know what the tracert utility does. The tracert utility finds the route from your computer to any computer on a network.

Know what the ping utility does. Ping determines if a particular IP host is responding.

Know what the ftp utility does. The ftp utility allows you to reliably download and upload files from and to an FTP server across the Internet.

Know what the ipconfig and ifconfig utilities do. Ipconfig displays TCP/IP configuration
information for Windows NT and later operating systems. The ifconfig utility performs
a similar function in UNIX environments, in addition to performing certain interface configuration
tasks.
Know what the winipcfg utility does. Winipcfg displays TCP/IP configuration information for Windows 95/98.

Know what the nslookup and dig utilities do. Nslookup and dig allow you to look up DNS resolution information.

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Summary - Network + Chapter

Summary
In this chapter you learned about many of the utilities for using and troubleshooting TCP/IP. These utilities include tracert, ping, arp, netstat, nbtstat, ipconfig, winipcfg, ifconfig, dig, and nslookup. You also learned how these utilities are used, including their
various options and switches and how they affect the use of these utilities. Finally, you learned about how these utilities work within the TCP/IP suite.

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Using the nslookup Utility

Using the nslookup Utility

Whenever you are configuring a server or workstation to connect to the Internet, you will always have to configure DNS if you want name resolution to happen (i.e., if you want to be able to type www.sybex.com instead of an IP address). When configuring DNS, it is very advantageous to be able to test what IP address DNS is returning to ensure that it is working properly. The nslookup utility allows you to query a name server and quickly find out which name

resolves to which IP address.

NOTE:

The UNIX dig (short for domain information groper) utility does the exact same thing as nslookup. It is primarily a command-line utility that allows you to perform a single DNS lookup for a specific entity, but it may also be operated in batch mode for a series of lookups. While detailed information on this command is beyond the scope of this study guide, more information can be found on the Web by searching for “unix dig”.

The nslookup utility comes with Windows NT and later, as well as most versions of UNIX and Linux. It did not, however, come with Windows 95/98. You can run it from a Windows
command prompt. Once you are at the command prompt, you can start the nslookup utility by simply typing nslookup and pressing Enter. Once you’re inside this utility, the command prompt will change from something similar to C:\> sign to a shorter > sign. It will also display the name and IP address of the default DNS server you will be querying (you can change it, if necessary). Once here, you can start using nslookup. The following output shows a sample of the display after the nslookup command has been entered at the C:\> prompt.

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>nslookup
Default Server: ns.company.com
Address: 10.89.155.68
>

The primary job of nslookup is to tell you the many different features of a particular domain name, the name servers that serve it, and how they are configured. For example, you can simply

type in a domain name at the > prompt, like so:


>sybex.com

The nslookup utility would return this information:

Server: ns.company.com
Address: 10.89.155.68
Non-authoritative answer:
name: sybex.com

address: 10.0.0.1

This tells you that the server that returned the information was not responsible (authoritative) for the zone information of the domain for which you requested an address and that the name
server for the domain sybex.com is located at the IP address 10.0.0.1. This means that when your computer wants to talk to www.sybex.com, it must talk to the name server at 10.0.0.1 to
find out the IP address of the host called www on the sybex.com domain. You can also ask nslookup for other information by setting a different option within nslookup. Just type set option at the > prompt and replace option with the actual option you

want to use. Table 4.7 gives some of the common options and their uses.

TABLE 4 . 7 The nslookup Options and Their Uses

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Using the Telnet Utility

Using the Telnet Utility

Telnet is an acronym formed from Terminal EmuLation for NETworks. It was originally developed to open terminal sessions from remote UNIX workstations to UNIX servers. Although still
used for that purpose, it has evolved into a troubleshooting tool. Figure 4.12 shows the basic Telnet interface as it is being used to start a terminal session on a remote UNIX host.

FIGURE 4 . 1 2 The Telnet utility

In today’s Windows environments, Telnet is a basic command-line tool for testing TCP connections. You can Telnet to any TCP port to see if it is responding, which is especially useful when checking SMTP and HTTP (Web) ports. If you’ll remember from Chapter 3, each upperlayer service in a TCP stack has a number for its address. Each network service that uses a particular address will respond to a TCP request on this port (if the defaults are used). Table 4.6 lists the most commonly referenced port numbers and their associated services.

TABLE 4 . 6 TCP Port Numbers and Services

NOTE:

This list is by no means comprehensive. For a complete list, go to www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers.

To find out if a TCP service is responding, follow these steps:

1. Choose Start Run.
2. Type Telnet and click OK to open the Telnet utility.

3. At the prompt, enter a question mark (?) to display the valid commands for this interface.

4. At the prompt, type open and the IP address or DNS host name of the device running the TCP service to which you want to connect, followed by the TCP port number (one from

Table 4.6, for instance). 

For example, to find out if the Sybex web server is responding to TCP port 80 (its default port), enter the IP address or DNS host name of the server (www.sybex.com, in this case)

followed by the TCP port number (80, in this case).

NOTE:

If you successfully connect to the web server, you won’t be notified that this is the case. If the web server doesn’t respond, you’ll receive a Connect Failed message.

5.If the procedure was successful, you can simply close the Telnet window or key in Ctrl+] to return to the Telnet prompt. 

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Using the tracert Utility

Using the tracert Utility

Have you ever wondered where the packets go when you send them over the Internet? The TCP/ IP traceroute (tracert) command-line utility will show you every router interface a TCP/IP
packet passes through on its way to a destination. To usetracert, at a Windows command prompt, type tracert, a space, and the DNS name or IP address of the host for which you want to find the route. The tracert utility responds with a list of all the DNS names and IP addresses of the routers that the packet is passing through on
its way. Additionally, tracert indicates the time it takes for each attempt. Figure 4.11 shows sample tracert output from a workstation connected to an ISP (Corporate Communications, in
Fargo, North Dakota, in this case) in the search engine Yahoo!.

FIGURE 4 . 1 1 Sample tracert output

As you can see, the packet bounces through several routers before arriving at its destination. This utility is useful if you are having problems reaching a web server on the Internet and you want to know if a WAN link is down or if the server just isn’t responding. Figure 4.11 shows that every router is up and is, in fact, responding. The asterisk indicates that the attempt for that router took longer than the default time-out value. This usually means that either the router is extremely busy or that particular link is slow. You can use tracert to ascertain how many hops a particular host is from your workstation. This is useful in determining how fast a link should be. Usually if a host is only a couple of hops away, access should be relatively quick.

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Using the ifconfig Utility

Using the ifconfig Utility
There is a utility in Linux/UNIX that shows information similar to what ipconfig shows. This utilityis called ifconfig (short for “interface configuration”). Although ipconfig and ifconfig show similar information, there are major differences between these two utilities. The ipconfig utility is used mainly to view TCP/IP configuration for a computer. You can use ifconfig to do the
same thing, but ifconfig can also be used to configure a protocol or a particular network interface. The general syntax of the ifconfig command is as follows:

ifconfig interface [address [parameters]]

The interface parameter is the UNIX name of the interface, such as eth0. If the optional address parameter is specified, the ifconfig command sets the IP address for the interface to
the address specified. When the ifconfig command is used by itself with no parameters, all configured interfaces are reported on. If only the interface name is specified, output similar to
the following is produced:

The output shows that the eth0 interface is a 10Mbps Ethernet interface. The interface’s MAC and IP address information is displayed in this output as well. The third line of the output begins

by listing the state of the various flags an interface can have. The optional parameters field at the end of the ifconfig command can be used to change the state of these flags. The MTU and metric fields are used in making routing decisions, just as they would be used in any router. The values on the RX (receive) and TX (transmit) lines represent, in order, the number of packets that were transmitted or received without errors, how many packets were transmitted or

received with errors, how many packets were dropped due to insufficient buffer space, and how many packets were lost due to the packets overrunning the capacity of the kernel to process

them. Often the receive value will be higher than the transmit value for these last two properties because transmitted packets can be controlled much more easily than inbound packets.

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Using the ipconfig Utility

Using the ipconfig Utility

Because Windows NT was designed to be UNIX compatible, Windows NT (as well as its later incarnations, including Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003) and UNIX have several
functions and utilities in common. You can use many UNIX command-line utilities at the command prompt of Windows NT and later operating systems, including these:

•  ftp
• ping
• tracert
• ipconfig

The Windows utility ipconfig does roughly the same job as its Windows 95/98 counterpart, winipcfg. With Windows ipconfig, however, the display is command-line based.

NOTE:

You can also use the ipconfig utility in Windows 98, with slightly diminished features. winipcfg still remains the most useful of the two utilities in Windows 98.

1.Choose Start Programs Accessories Command Prompt to display the command prompt.

2. Type ipconfig, which produces output similar to the following:

C:>ipconfig 

Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter E100B1:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :IP Address. . . . . . .  : 192.168.1.101Subnet Mask . .  . . . . : 255.255.255.0Default Gateway . .  . . : 192.168.1.1

C:\>


As you can see, this output is similar to the information in the Windows 95/98 IP Configuration dialog box except that the MAC address is not listed, although with the /all switch you can obtain that as well.

Only four switches can be used with the ipconfig command. Table 4.5 lists and describes all four switches, and the output that follows Table 4.5 shows the results of using the /all switch with ipconfig.

TABLE 4 . 5 ipconfig Switches

The following shows sample output produced by using the ipconfig /all switch:

C:\>ipconfig/all

Windows 2000 IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter Wireless-G Notebook Adapter:

TIP:

Because Windows servers can (and often do) have more than one TCP/IP interface, you can specify which interface you want to view statistics for by placing its address on the command line with the switches. If you don’t specify, ipconfig displays information for all interfaces.

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Using the winipcfg Utility

Using the winipcfg Utility

The IP configuration utility for Windows 95/98 is winipcfg. You use it to display the current TCP/IP configuration on a Windows 95/98 workstation. Follow these two steps to display the IP configuration information using winipcfg 

1. Choose Start Run, type winipcfg, and click OK to display the IP Configuration dialog box.

Click the down arrow to choose the network interface for which you want to view statistics.The screen in the graphic above shows this information for the Intel EtherExpress.

2- To display more detailed configuration information, click the More Info button to open the

IP Configuration dialog box shown here.

NOTE:

Even thought ifconfig is not a Windows utility, it is a TCP/IP configuration utility and it naturally fits here. Its use is very similar to the other Windows configuration utilities.

TIP:

If you are using DHCP to get IP address information, click the Release All button to remove all information obtained from a DHCP server (including an IP address). Click the Renew All button to release all DHCP information andrequest new TCP/IP configuration information.

The top of this screen shows the DNS name of the machine and the IP address of the DNS server that this workstation is using. Below that are several lines of NetBIOS over TCP/IP information.
The bottom section contains the same information shown in the first screen but includes such additional information as the addresses of the DHCP and WINS servers (if present) and the lease information (how long the DHCP information is current) for the addresses obtained from a DHCP server.

The winipcfg utility comes in handy when you’re resolving TCP/IP address conflicts and configuring a workstation. For example, if this workstation is experiencing duplicate IP address errors, you can run winipcfg to determine the IP address of this station. Also, if the address was obtained from a DHCP server, you can release it and obtain a new IP address by clicking the Renew All button.

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Using winipcfg, ipconfig, and ifconfig

Using winipcfg, ipconfig, and ifconfig

Of all the TCP/IP utilities that come with Windows, the IP configuration utilities are probably the most overlooked. These utilities display the current configuration of TCP/IP on that workstation, including the current IP address, DNS configuration, WINS configuration, and default gateway.

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Using the ping Utility

Using the ping Utility
Ping is the most basic TCP/IP utility and is included with most TCP/IP stacks for most platforms.
Windows, again, is no exception. In most cases, ping is a command-line utility (although there have been some GUI implementations).

 You use the ping utility for two primary purposes:

• To find out if you can reach a host
• To find out if a host is responding

Here is the syntax:
ping hostname or IP address
If you ping any station that has an IP address, the ICMP that is part of that host’s TCP/IP stack will respond to the request. This ICMP test and response might look something like this:

ping 204.153.163.2
Pinging 204.153.163.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128
Reply from 204.153.163.2: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=128

Because you receive a reply from the destination station (204.153.163.2 in this case), you know that you can reach the host and that it is responding to basic IP requests.
        Most versions of ping work in the same fashion, although there are some switches you can use to specify certain information—for example, the number of packets to send, how big a
packet to send, and so on. If you are running the Windows command-line version of ping, use the –? switch to display a list of the available switches, like so:

ping –?

Table 4.4 lists and describes some of the most common switches for the Windows ping utility.

NOTE:

 You can ping your local TCP/IP interface by typing ping 127.0.0.1 or ping localhost. Both addresses represent the local interface.

TABLE 4 . 4 Windows ping Utility Switches

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Uploading Files

Uploading Files
To upload a file to an FTP server, you must have rights on that server. These rights are assigned on a directory-by-directory basis. To upload a file, log in and then follow these steps:

1. At the ftp command prompt, type lcd to navigate to the directory     on the local machine where the file resides.
2. Type cd to navigate to the destination directory.
3. Set the file type to ASCII or binary.
4. Use the put command to upload the file.


The syntax of the put command is as follows:

ftp>put local file destination file

For example, if you want to upload a file that is called 1.txt on the local server but you want it to be called my.txt on the destination server, use the following command:

ftp>put 1.txt my.txt

You’ll see the following response:

200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for collwin.zip
226 Transfer complete.

743622 bytes sent in 0.55 seconds (1352.04 Kbytes/sec)

TIP:

You can upload multiple files using the mput command. Simply type mput, a space, and then a wildcard that specifies the files. For example, to upload all the text files in a directory, type mput *.txt.

When you’re finished with the ftp utility, simply type quit to return to the command prompt.

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Downloading Files

Downloading Files
After you log in to the FTP server, you’ll navigate to the directory that contains the files you want. Thankfully, the FTP command-line interface is similar to the DOS command-line interface.
This is no surprise since DOS is based on UNIX and FTP is a UNIX utility. Table 4.3 lists and describes the common navigation commands for FTP. Remember that these are also case sensitive.

     After you navigate to the directory and find the file you want to download, you must set the parameters for the type of file. Files come in two types:

• ASCII, which contains text
• Binary, which is all other files

If you set ftp to the wrong type, the file you download will contain gibberish. When in doubt, set ftp to download files as binary files.

TABLE 4 . 3 Common FTP Navigation Commands

ftp>ascii

Type set to A

To set the file type to binary, type binary at the ftp command prompt. Ftp will respond by telling you that the file type has been set to I (binary):

ftp>binary

Type set to I

To download the file, you use the get command, like so:

ftp>get scrsav.exe

200 PORT command successful.

150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for 'scrsav.exe'

(567018 bytes).

The file will start downloading to your hard drive. Unfortunately, with its default settings, the ftp utility doesn’t give you any indication of the progress of the transfer. When the file has

downloaded, the ftp utility will display the following message and return you to the ftp command prompt:

226 Transfer complete.

567018 bytes received in 116.27 seconds (4.88 Kbytes/sec)

TIP:

You can download multiple files by using the mget command. Simply type mget, a space, and then a wildcard that specifies the files you want to get. For example, to download all the text files in a directory, type mget *.txt.

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Starting FTP and Logging In to an FTP Server

Starting FTP and Logging In to an FTP Server
Of the two FTP file operations (download and upload), the ability to download files is the more important skill for a network technician or administrator to master because network and client
operating system drivers and patches are located on FTP servers throughout the Internet. The first steps in starting an FTP download session are to determine the address of the FTP site and start the ftp utility. The FTP site typically has the same name as the website except that the first three characters are ftp instead of www. For example, Microsoft’s website is www.microsoft.com. Its FTP site, on the other hand, is ftp.microsoft.com. We’ll use this FTP site as an example for the rest of this section.
First, start the ftp utility as discussed earlier, and then follow these steps:
1- At the ftp command prompt, type open, a space, and the name of the FTP server as in the following example:

ftp>open ftp.microsoft.com

If the FTP server is available and running, you will receive a response welcoming you to the server and asking you for a username:

ftp>open ftp.microsoft.com
Connected to ftp.microsoft.com.
220 Microsoft FTP Service

User (ftp.microsoft.com:(none)):

TIP:

You can also start an FTP session by typing ftp, a space, and the address of the FTP server (for example, ftp ftp.microsoft.com). This allows you to start the ftp utility and open a connection in one step.

2. Enter a valid username and press Enter.
3. Enter your password and press Enter. 

NOTE:

Most Internet web servers that allow just about anyone to download files also allow the username anonymous. Remember to type the username exactly and to double-check as you enter it because usernames are case sensitive. In addition to anonymous, you can use the username ftp to gain access to a public FTP server. They are both anonymous usernames. Remember that FTP (and UNIX)usernames are case sensitive.

If you are accessing a private FTP server, you should use the username and password given to you by the administrator. If you are accessing a public FTP server with a username such as

anonymous, you can use your e-mail address as the password.

TIP:

You don’t have to enter your entire e-mail address to log in with the anonymous username. Most FTP server software doesn’t verify the actual e-mail address, just that it is, in fact, an e-mail address. To do this, it checks for an @ sign and two words separated by a period. You just need to enter a very short e-mail address to bypass the password (like u@me.com). This is especially helpful if you have a long e-mail address. It’s also more secure if you don’t want lotsof junk e-mail.

If you enter the wrong username and/or password, the server will tell you so by displaying the following and leaving you at the ftp command prompt:

530 Login Incorrect

Login failed.

You must now start over with the login process. If you are successful, the FTP server will welcome you and drop you back at the ftp command prompt. You’re now ready to start uploading

or downloading files.

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Using The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Using The File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
From Chapter 3, “TCP/IP Fundamentals,” you know that File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a subset of TCP/IP and that FTP is used during the transfer of files between UNIX boxes. In recent
years, FTP has become a truly cross-platform protocol for file transfer. Because the Internet, and thus TCP/IP, use has skyrocketed, almost every client (and server) platform has implemented FTP. Windows is no exception. Its TCP/IP stack comes with a command-line ftp utility. To start the ftp utility, enter ftp at a command prompt. The result is an ftp command prompt:

ftp>

From this command prompt, you can open a connection to an FTP server and upload and download files as well as change the way FTP operates. To display a list of all the commands you can use at the ftp command prompt, type help or ? and press Enter. To get help on a specific command, type help, a space, and then the name of the command. 
     In the following sections, you will get an introduction to uploading and downloading files because every network technician and administrator needs to know how to do this. As they come up, the specific commands necessary to perform those two operations will be discussed, as well as commands that relate to those processes. But first, let’s look at how to start the process.

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The –s Switch

The –s Switch
As with the –A and –a switches, the lowercase –s switch is similar to its uppercase sibling. The nbtstat –s command produces the same output as nbtstat –S except that it tries to resolve remote host IP addresses into host names, if possible. Figure 4.10 shows sample output from the nbtstat –s command. Note the similarities between Figure 4.10 and Figure 4.9.

FIGURE 4 . 1 0 Sample output of the nbtstat –s command

NOTE:

As you can do with the netstat command, you can place a number for an interval at the end of any nbtstat command to indicate that the command should execute once every so many seconds (as specified by the number) until youpress Ctrl+C.

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The –S Switch

The –S Switch
You use the -S switch to display the NetBIOS sessions table, which lists all the NetBIOS sessions, incoming and outgoing, to and from the host where you issue the command. The –S switch displays
both workstation and server sessions but lists remote addresses by IP address only. 
     Figure 4.9 shows sample output of the nbtstat –S command. The NetBIOS name is displayed along with its hex ID. The state of each session is also shown. An entry in the In/Out column determines whether the connection has been initiated from the computer on which you are running nbtstat (outbound) or whether another computer has initiated the connection to this
computer (inbound). The numbers in the Input and Output columns indicate (in bytes) the amount of data transferred between this station and the station listed in that entry.

FIGURE 4 . 9 Sample output of the nbtstat –S command

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